What you mean is that you need to render text into a memory buffer, because drawing it on top of your video uses something else than SFML, right?
If this is what you want to do, then you can, as eXpl0it3r said, render to a sf::RenderTexture, copy it to a sf::Image and then access the pixel buffer. But this is not optimal, I'm sure you can find text libraries that can rasterize glyphs directly in memory, without having to render it with OpenGL and the graphics card
For example, SFML uses FreeType for rasterizing glyphs.