Hi and welcome!
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Sounds like you might have set up everything correctly inside Visual Studio.
However, since you're not building statically, you are building dynamically. This means that you will need the dynamic linked libraries (DLLs). These are the ones like "sfml-graphic-d-3.dll" that you mentioned. They need copying next to where the executable is.
Basically, find these:
sfml-audio-d-3.dll
sfml-graphics-d-3.dll
sfml-network-d-3.dll
sfml-system-d-3.dll
sfml-window-d-3.dlland copy them to your build folder.
Note that if you are using Release build, you'll need the versions without "-d" (e.g. sfml-audio-3.dll). These should match the ones you listed in Linker->Input->Additional Dependencies (you'll need -d if you use debug build and DLLs).
If you're not using Audio module, you don't need the audio DLL.
If you're not using Network module, you don't need the network DLL.
But it's worth copying them all while you're getting used to it.
As to where they are...
Go to the download, and open the folders until you see a few where one should be "bin". Open "bin" and that's where your DLLs are
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For a bit more clarity and specificity:
In your solution folder, you will have "Debug" and "Release" for the 32-bit builds.
Place the debug (-d-3) DLLs into "Debug" and the release (-d) DLLs into "Release".
These must be from "bin" of the
32-bit download.
If you are building for 64-bit, there will also an "x64" folder in your solution folder. Insider that folder is - again - "Debug" and "Release".
You can place the debug (-d-3) DLLs into "Debug" and release (-d) DLLs into "Release".
These one
must be from "bin" of the
64-bit download.