I stumbled upon the reason that I was getting this error. I'm still not sure why but it's easy enough to avoid for myself now.
I changed the sound settings for my audio interface to use 48kHz instead of 44.1kHz and it crashes on no pitches now. Fully updated the audio interface drivers beforehand to make sure of everything but it still crashes on 44.1, 16-bit and 24-bit. None of the higher frequencies cause the problem, it seems.
If you happen to get a similar problem, try changing those settings.
Hopefully, nobody will ever be using the same audio interface as me, running at 44.1kHz when trying to run something linked to openal
I've updated the original post to show that it has been solved and also included a shorter pitch testing code.