One other player had a similar glitch, and he said that also Minecraft wasn't working well for him, until he updated his drivers, at which point Minecraft was working ok, and the glitch in my game went from the map area into the menus. Btw, you can see in the screenshots that here the glitch only appears in the map area, which uses same sized sprites from about 5-6 different textures. The same sprites are also used in the menus on the right, but there they aren't glitching.
Similar glitches have been reported in a version of the game with unicode graphics, screenshot below.
The player says he updated his video drivers. I asked him about any error messages.
I use SFML 2.2. I'm not sure about using the master branch for production.
Thanks for your help