In the project properties under Linker>Input, the additional directories are openal32.lib, sfml-system.lib, sfml-window.lib, sfml-graphics.lib, and sfml-audio.lib. This is in release configuration. In debug configuration I have sfml-system-d.lib, sfml-window-d.lib, sfml-graphics-d.lib, sfml-audio-d.lib. So I believe I have the right libraries linked.
Edit: Just to see if it would have any effect, I tried switching to static linking, and it works in both debug and release in that case. So in a practical sense the problem is solved, but I'm still curious why only the dynamic release version has a problem. It seems like it must be a problem with the libraries like you two said, but it's odd because I must have been linking the right ones, since I just changed the file names to -s and it works. Maybe something went wrong with the sfml-xxx.libs or .dlls specifically and redownloading them would fix it.