The linker cannot find these files because they don't exist. Static libraries are not provided by default on Linux, you have to build them yourself.
There's a good reason for that: static libraries are not the recommended way to distribute software on Linux. Even if SFML is linked statically to your executable, your users will still need its dependencies; you're just moving the "problem". You'd better ask your users to install SFML from the repositories, just like you did.