Not sure if that's possible at all. To be more specific, I don't think you can make SFML use the OpenGL context that Qt uses behind the scenes -- especially since it now uses an abstract rendering API which can use non-OpenGL back-ends (D3D, Vulkan, Metal).
The easiest solution, though not optimal, could be to draw your SFML scene to a render-texture, retrieve its pixels and upload them to something that QtQuick can display: ideally a QSGTexture + QSGSimpleTextureNode, or anything else that you're more familiar with (like QQuickPaintedItem + QImage).
If you've got the QSGTexture solution working, it may be worth investigating into directly transfering the pixels between the SFML render-texture and the QSGTexture's internal texture, without downloading the pixels in system RAM. I have no idea if this is possible.