The easiest way is just trying it, simple as that.
A binary will report what it is missing to run, whether it is Windows or Linux doesn't matter.
Get yourself Virtual Box, on of the best and (partially) free virtualization software, and it runs on every major OS. Get it, install a fresh Windows VM without a development environment, put your executable on it and run it. First thing it will complain about will be Microsoft C/C++ runtime, msvcr120.dll in your example, then SFML dll's, then your game assets, ..., you get the point.
Get yourself a good book on basic C++ and teach yourself how the C++ tool chain works. The sooner you get around that, the better.