You're only drawing 1-2 sprites. The draw call has to be in the loop.
Try something more like
const int TILE_SIZE = 128;
int TileMap[mapHoehe][mapBreite] =
{
{1,1,1},
{1,2,1},
{1,1,1},
};
Sprite TileSprite[2];
TileSprite[0].LoadFromFile ( "grass.png" );
TileSprite[1].LoadFromFile ( "dirt.png" );
// later to render the tiles
for(int y = 0; y < mapHoehe; y++)
{
for(int x = 0; x < mapBreite; x++)
{
int i;
i = TileMap[y][x];
TileSprite[i].SetPosition ( x*TILE_SIZE, y*TILE_SIZE );
Window.Draw ( TileSprite[i] );
}
}